So here we go:

On your local machine, [AND NOT THE SERVER]:
Goto START >> Run >> and Type:
notepad "C:WINDOWSsystem32driversetchosts"
And hit Enter

If you get file does not exist error then create hosts file in notepad “C:WINDOWSsystem32driversetc” folder.

At the end of the file you will have:

127.0.0.1 localhost

Just add your domain with the IP you want to point to, and it will look like, this will be also applicable if you have create a new hosts file:

127.0.0.1 localhost
192.168.1.52 mywebhostingblog.net
192.168.1.52 www.mywebhostingblog.net

Save the file and exit.

Now ping the domain on the computer you have made changes on and it will point to the IP address defined. You can now browse your site without the site preview and you will have to the content of the server you are moving to. Just remove the entries from the hosts file to point your domain back it was.

Wasn’t that Simple..!!!

For Backup of MySQL database click on Export.

1) Make sure that entire database is selected for Export, and not just one table.
All the Tables under Database list should be added in Export List.

2) Now, follow the steps given
select “SQL” for output format
Check “Structure”
and “Add AUTO_INCREMENT” value
Check “Enclose table and field name with back quotes”
Check “DATA”
check use “hexadecimal for binary field”
Export type set to “INSERT”

3) Check “Save as file”, it is not necessary to change the file name.
Click “GO” to download the backup file.

Backup of your MySQL database is created !

Now, for Restoring backup of MySql database

1) Click on SQL tab, to start restoration of your backup file.

2) Un-Check “Show this query here again”.

3) Browse to your database backup file.

4) Click – “GO”

Backup is Restored !

Large MySQL Backups:

Error: MySQL has gone away

To restore large SQL backups there are 2 setting that you will need to take of:

1. Make sure that you PHP upload size is great than your MySQL backup file, this setting will be needed to be changed in php.ini file. Only those who has server administrator access would be able to make changes in PHP.INI file. Hence you will have to contact your Hosting provider if you are hosted on a Shared server. But if you have a Dedicated Server then this file is normally stored in C:\Windows\php.ini or you can esily get the path from phpinfo() page. The option that you need to change is upload_max_filesize. It is also suggested that you increase the following parameters as per the size of your MySQL backup file:

max_execution_time = 30     ; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds
max_input_time = 60    ; Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request data
memory_limit = 8M      ; Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (8MB)

2. You will need to increase the MySQL buffer size in MySQL configuration size, the file is my.cnf in Linux server and my.ini on Windows Server. The parameter that you need to change is:

read_buffer_size

By default it is set to 1MB, if the entry is not present then add it under [MYSQLD] section.

Please Make sure that you restart IIS webserver after making change to php.ini and restart MySQL after making changes in my.ini file.

If you looking backup MySQL using VBS or ASP script then refer the link below:

How to backup MySQL using VBS or ASP script.

The Apache HTTP Web Server, we all well know it as Apache, is one of the world’s most widely used Web servers. It is very popular because of its strong security features, most outstanding performance & the fact that it does cost us any thing. It comprehensively supports and it is most recommended for MySQL & PHP/Perl/Python (and now also supports Ruby) programming languages.

It’s available for all flavours of Unix (GNU/Linux & UNIX systems), Microsoft Windows including other OS as well, for Example Linux distros such as  RedHat, SuSe, Debian, CentOs, Gentoo, Mandrake, Fedora, etc etc. Apache is used to serve both dynamic static content & static Web pages on the Internet. Some web applications are developed expecting the features & environment that Apache provides. It is one of the most basic feature in the hosting world is what allows your website to be seen by the world.

What is a DDoS attack ?

A Denial-Of-Service attack (DoS attack) or Distributed Denial-Of-Service attack (DDoS attack) is nopthing but an attempt to make a domain name or a computer resource unavailable to its users by sending mass packets to it. Perpetrators of DoS attacks like to target domains/sites/hosts or services hosted with high profile webhosting servers such as credit card payment gateways, banks, & even root nameservers.

The most common method of attack involves saturating the target (victim) machine with request that communicates externally, such that even the legimate traffic also does not get a response, or respond very slowly as to be effectively unavailable.

In general terms, DoS attacks are set so that the targeted computer(s) is either reset or consume all the available resources so that the target is no longer available to provide its intended service or to obstruct the communication between the users & the victim so that there is no suitable communication between them.

There are several ways to stop such kind of attacks, most of the providers use “Proxy Shield” which is most effective services available today and can handle an attack upto 4GB per second. Although it is a very expensive service and only corporate websites can afford them. If you want to handle small DDos attacks then you can either go for a hardware firewall or a software application like the one below, which is very effective to handle DDos at its initial stage.

About mod_evasive & how does it prevent DDoS attack ?

mod_evasive is basically an evasive maneuvers module configured on Apache web server to provide evasive action where ever there is an brute force attack or DDoS attack or HTTP DoS. You can also use it as a traffic detection or network management tool and can be effective configured to work with ipchains, routers, firewalls etc. You can also set mod_evasive up to send abuse reports via email & syslog facilities.

It creats an internal dynamic hash table of IP Addresses for detections & URIs and denying any single IP if any of the following is true:

– Making any requests while temporarily blacklisted on the server.
– Single page on your website is access for more then n number of time.
– Establishing more than 50 concurrent connections per second on the same child.

This method works well on both attacks, may it be single-server script attackor a distributed attack but like any other evasive tools it is only useful to the point of processor consumption & bandwidth hence to configure this tool with your firewalls & routers gines out the maximum protection to your dedicated server as well as webhosting sites.

This module is instantiated for each listener individually that is every time when there is a HTTP request to Apache Web Server and therefore the evassive tool has a built-in scaling capabilities & cleanup mechanism. Because of this per-child design, only the scripted attacks get cought and blocked access and legitimate requests are never compromised even if they come from NAT addresses or proxies. Even if the user repeatedly click on ‘reload’ button should not be affected unless they do it maliciously. One can tweak mod_evasive fully through the Apache configuration file that is httpd.conf and it is very easy to incorporate into your Linux web hosting server and most important, easy to use.

Here are the steps to install mod_evasive:

Install & configure it on a Linux Server:

Login to the server as root & execute following connabds one bu one:

cd /usr/local/src
wget http://www.zdziarski.com/projects/mod_evasive/mod_evasive_1.10.1.tar.gz
tar -zxvf mod_evasive_1.10.1.tar.gz
cd mod_evasive

For Apache 2.0.x

/usr/sbin/apxs -cia mod_evasive20.c

Then add add this too httpd.conf

DOSHashTableSize 3097
DOSPageCount 6
DOSSiteCount 100
DOSPageInterval 2
DOSSiteInterval 2
DOSBlockingPeriod 600

For Apache 1.3.x

/usr/local/apache/bin/apxs -cia mod_evasive.c

Then add this too httpd.conf

DOSHashTableSize 3097
DOSPageCount 6
DOSSiteCount 100
DOSPageInterval 2
DOSSiteInterval 2
DOSBlockingPeriod 600

Now just restart Apache web hosting server & the installation is complete..

/etc/init.d/httpd restart

Congratulations.. your Linux Apache web hosting server is now more safer from the DDoS attacks.

lets assume server which has SNMP and RRDTool means monitor server has ip address 10.10.10.1
and server which you want to monitor has IP address 99.99.99.99

SNMP Installation
SNMP packages require for querring .

- type command at the prompt
#yum search snmp
It will show you different snmp packages.
You neet to install 2 packages
net-snmp
net-snmp-devel
type command
#yum install net-snmp
#yum install net-snmp-devel

RRDTool Installation

RRD store and display time-series data (i.e. network bandwidth, server load average). It stores the data in a very compact way that will not expand over time, and it presents useful graphs by processing the data to enforce a certain data density.

RRDTool 1.2.x has dependancies ,hence you need to install following packages.

* libart_lgpl-2.3.11-2.i386.rpm
* libart_lgpl-devel-2.3.11-2.i386.rpm

* freetype-2.1.3-6.i386.rpm
* freetype-devel-2.1.3-6.i386.rpm
* zlib-1.1.4-8.i386.rpm
* zlib-devel-1.1.4-8.i386.rpm
* libpng-1.2.2-16.i386.rpm
* libpng-devel-1.2.2-16.i386.rpm

Download RRDTool from http://ftp.idilis.ro/mirrors/rrdtool/

lets assume you have rrdtool-1.2.12.tar.gz

To extract RRDTool run this command:

#tar -xzvf rrdtool-1.2.12.tar.gz

then change directory:
#cd rrdtool-1.2.12

to compile ans install RRDTool type:
#./configure –disable-tcl
#make
#make install

Apply following step on server which you want to monitor means 99.99.99.99
Install net-snmp
Type following commands
#yum search snmp
#yum install net-snmp

then edit snmpd.conf file and create readonly community
#vi /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf

add following line in snmpd.conf file
rocommunity  community_name ip_address_of_monitor_server

start snmpd service
/etc/init.d/snmpd start

Apply following step on monitor server means 10.10.10.1
To monitor bandwidth you need to create RRD file,which will store bandwidth data.

step 1
Create RRD file.
rrdtool create bandwidth.rrd -s 60 \
DS:in:COUNTER:300:U:U \
DS:out:COUNTER:300:U:U \
RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:10080

step 2
Update RRD file.

/usr/bin/rrdupdate bandwidth.rrd \
N:`/usr/bin/snmpget -v 1 -c community_name -Oqv 9.99.99.99 IF-MIB::ifInOctets.2`: \
`/usr/bin/snmpget -v 1 -c community_name -Oqv 99.99.99.99 IF-MIB::ifOutOctets.2`

Above command should be run with 1 or 5 minute interval as per your need,hence add above command in cronjob.

step 3
Generate graph from bandwidth.rrd file

rrdtool graph bandwidth.png \
–end now –start end-30h –width 400 \
–x-grid HOUR:1:HOUR:6:HOUR:2:0:%H \
–imgformat=PNG \
–title=”your title” \
–rigid \
–base=1000 \
–height=120 \
–width=500 \
–alt-autoscale-max \
–lower-limit=0 \
–vertical-label=”bits per second” \
DEF:a=bandwidth.rrd:in:AVERAGE \
DEF:b=bandwidth.rrd:out:AVERAGE \
VDEF:totin=a,TOTAL \
VDEF:totout=b,TOTAL \
CDEF:cdefa=a,8,* \
CDEF:cdeff=b,8,* \
AREA:cdefa#00CF00:”Incoming”  \
GPRINT:cdefa:LAST:”Cur\:%6.2lf %sb/s”  \
GPRINT:cdefa:AVERAGE:”Avg\:%6.2lf %sb/s”  \
GPRINT:cdefa:MAX:”Max\:%6.2lf %sb/s”  \
GPRINT:cdefa:MIN:”MIN\:%6.2lf %sb/s\l”  \
LINE1.3:cdeff#0000FF:”Outgoing”  \
GPRINT:cdeff:LAST:”Cur\:%6.2lf %sb/s”  \
GPRINT:cdeff:AVERAGE:”Avg\:%6.2lf %sb/s”  \
GPRINT:cdeff:MAX:”Max\:%6.2lf %sb/s”  \
GPRINT:cdeff:MIN:”MIN\:%6.2lf %sb/s\l”  \
GPRINT:totin:”Total IN\:%6.2lf %sb/s”  \
GPRINT:totout:”Total OUT\:%6.2lf %sb/s”  \
VRULE:1084777200#FF0000:”"

After firing  above command, a file bandwidth.png will be in current direcoty which is bandwidth graph for server 99.99.99.99

Installation Instructions

Install formats – JDK 5.0 is available in two installation formats.

• Self-extracting Binary File – This file can be used to install the JDK in a location chosen by the user. This one can be installed by anyone (not only root users), and it can easily be installed in any location. As long as you are not root user, it cannot displace the system version of the Java platform suppled by Linux. To use this file, see Installation of Self-Extracting Binary below.

• RPM Packages – A rpm.bin file containing RPM packages, installed with the rpm utility. Requires root access to install, and installs by default in a location that replaces the system version of the Java platform supplied by Linux. To use this bundle, see Installation of RPM File below.

Choose the install format that is most suitable to your needs.

Note: For any text on this page containing the following notation, you must substitute the appropriate JDK update version number for the notation.

<version>

For example, if you are downloading update 1.5.0_01, the following command:

]# ./jdk-1_5_0_<version>-linux-i586.bin

would become:

]# ./jdk-1_5_0_01-linux-i586.bin

Installation of Self-Extracting Binary
Use these instructions if you want to use the self-extracting binary file to install the JDK.

1. Download and check the download file size to ensure that you have downloaded the full, uncorrupted software bundle.You can download to any directory you choose; it does not have to be the directory where you want to install the JDK.

Before you download the file, notice its byte size provided on the download page on the web site. Once the download has completed, compare that file size to the size of the downloaded file to make sure they are equal.

2. Make sure that execute permissions are set on the self-extracting binary.

Run this command:
chmod +x jdk-1_5_0_<version>-linux-i586.bin

3. Change directory to the location where you would like the files to be installed.

The next step installs the JDK into the current directory.

4. Run the self-extracting binary.

Execute the downloaded file, prepended by the path to it. For example, if the file is in the current directory, prepend it with “./” (necessary if “.” is not in the PATH environment variable):

]# ./jdk-1_5_0_<version>-linux-i586.bin

The binary code license is displayed, and you are prompted to agree to its terms.

The JDK files are installed in a directory called jdk1.5.0_<version> in the current directory. The JDK documentation is a separate download.

Installation of RPM Packages
Use these instructions, If you want to install RPM packages.

1. Download and check the download file size to ensure that you have downloaded the full, uncorrupted software bundle.

Before you download the file, notice its byte size provided on the download page on the web site. Once the download has completed, compare that file size to the size of the downloaded file to make sure they are equal.

2. Make sure that execute permissions are set on the RPM Packages.

Run this command:
chmod +x jdk-1_5_0_<version>-linux-i586-rpm.bin
3. Start the installation process. Type:
]# ./jdk-1_5_0_<version>-linux-i586-rpm.bin

The binary code license is displayed, and you are prompted to agree to its terms.

4. The installation file creates jdk-1_5_0_<version>-linux-i586.rpm file in the current directory.

5. Run the RPM command at the terminal to install the packages. Type:
rpm -iv jdk-1_5_0_<version>-linux-i586.rpm

6. The JDK is installed in jdk-1_5_0_<version> sub-directory under the current directory.

Note about Root Access: Unbundling the software automatically creates a directory called jdk1.5.0_<version>. Note that if you choose to install the JDK into system-wide location such as /usr/local, you must first become root to gain the necessary permissions. If you do not have root access, simply install the JDK into your home directory, or a sub directory that you have permission to write to.

Note about Overwriting Files: If you unpack the software in a directory that contains a subdirectory named jdk1.5.0_<version>, the new software overwrites files of the same name in that jdk1.5.0_<version> directory. Please be careful to rename the old directory if it contains files you would like to keep.

(B)  Create links for the JDK by entering the following commands:
]# ln -s /usr/java/jdk1.5.0_06 /usr/local/jdk1.5.0_06
]# ln -s /usr/local/jdk1.5.0_06 /usr/local/jdk

(C)  Stack components like JBoss and Tomcat need JAVA_HOME set properly before prior to operation. Create the system files: /etc/profile.d/java.sh and java.csh to export the following environment variables:
JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH

NOTE:
The shells bash and cshell use a different syntax for setting environment variables.

- For java.sh include the lines:
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH

- For java.csh include the lines:
setenv JAVA_HOME /usr/local/jdk
setenv PATH $JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH

You can either use setenv or declare -x to declare the path in .csh file.
If you get any error like bad discriptor after running that .csh file, you can directly declare the path using following command.
]# export PATH=”$PATH:/usr/local/jdk-version”

(D) To verify that the installation was successful, at the prompt enter:
]# java –version

You can download the installer from
http://archive.apache.org/dist/jakarta/tomcat-5/v5.0.28/bin/jakarta-tomcat-5.0.28.tar.gz

Download version 5.0.28 to be compatible with JDK 1.4.2 because the latest versions of tomcat require JDK5

To extract and install Tomcat run this command:

]# tar xvfz jakarta-tomcat-5.0.28.tar.gz

The Tomcat files are installed in a directory called jakarta-tomcat-5.0.28 in the current directory.

Then you need to set CATALINA_HOME properly prior to start tomcat.

Use following command to set CATALINA_HOME and provide full path of tomcat directory (from toot).

export CATALINA_HOME=/user/local/jakarta/jakarta-tomcat-5.0.28

Run Tomcat

goto bin directory of tomcat
cd /user/local/jakarta/jakarta-tomcat-5.0.28/bin
]# ./startup.sh

Open web browser and type http://your_domain:8080/ you should see the Tomcat Administration page

Test Tomcat

go to webapps/ROOT in the tomcat directory and create page hello_world.html and write in it

Hello World

open the URL http://your_domain:8080/hello_world.html you should see your page.

Test JSP page

go to webapps/ROOT in the tomcat directory and create page test.jsp and write in it the following lines
<html>
<%=new String(“Hello World…”)%>
<br>
<%=new java.util.Date()%>
<br>
</html>

save and run the following URL http://your_domain:8080/test.jsp you should see Hello World.. followed by current date.

Monitor Tomcat

You can see the log file in the logs directory  /user/local/jakarta/jakarta-tomcat-5.0.28/log/

Stop Tomcat

Go to the tomcat bin directory and run command.

]# ./shutdown.sh

Note:- Apache Tomcat on Linux faster that tomcat in Windows at least 2 times in both startup, shutdown and in compiling jsp files.